Each year, between 8,000 and 12,000 migrant workers, known as the swallows arrive in northern Patagonia for the fruit harvest.
are seasonal workers who move seasonally in the country for agricultural activities in general.
Despite the myths and prejudices that circulate socially endorsing the idea that "come to take the job to the local workforce," this is a historical process that occurs from the very formation of the Upper Valley, as a result of seasonality of work and workers needed to perform these activities in the region. Even contrary to what is said, the workers porcetanje from Chile is negligible.
An investigation by the Social Studies Agricultural Group (GESA) National University of Comahue (UNCo) revealed that the swallows do not care workers settle in the area and that if they work in their places of origin, remain there.
The GESA is coordinated by Dr. Monica Bendini, an expert in rural, agricultural and agribusiness, and an interdisciplinary team of sociologists, geographers, social workers, historians, agronomists and economists.
researchers talked with teachers and Norma Steimbreger Radonich Martha, who explains in detail how the activity of swallows in the area del Alto Valle de Río Negro y Neuquén.
¿Cuál es el recorrido de estos trabajadores y qué desplazamiento realizan?
Hemos detectado que realizan una especie de circuito y luego regresan a sus lugares de origen. Por ejemplo, en el caso de los trabajadores que provienen del noroeste de Tucumán, entre mayo y octubre realizan la zafra azucarera y la cosecha del limón, y de diciembre a febrero complementan con la cosecha frutícola en el Alto Valle. Se desplazan directamente desde las áreas de origen hacia las áreas de destino y luego de un promedio de tres meses, regresan a sus áreas de pertenencia social. En el caso de los tucumanos, incluso sufren el clima frío además del desarraigo, family and friends.
What does migration for workers and employers?
migrants do not migrate because they want to. Up the temporary movement as part of their survival strategy, because in their home areas also work temporarily and the rest of the year have to find other income. Then look for places where they also offer the possibility of temporary work.
There is even a business strategy to attract these workers because labor here is not enough. Employers offer differential pay to the swallows and the reality is that the harvest does not rise if workers are not coming.
How many migrant workers there are and what percentage of attachment?
is impossible to count the number of swallows that arrive in the area, but the figure would be around between 8 000 and 12 000 migrants per year.
In general, plants that do not want to stay and live in the area and even if they work in their places of origin does not migrate. They do this by a need to work and, in some cases also by the payment of family allowances and education benefits who do not receive in their homes. But almost no wage gap exists with regard to their places of origin.
What is the origin of these workers swallows?
Since the problem between Argentina and Chile in the Beagle Channel, in 1978, virtually no workers in Chile come to the region and begin to strengthen the flow of workers from northern Spain.
These workers started coming in the '60s, but came to the area of \u200b\u200bVilla Regina. When cutting the supply of labor from Chile, employers are going north of the country, mainly Tucumán, and strengthen this flow was mildly started.
live under what conditions these workers during their stay in the area?
Historically, the conditions are very poor because there is a marked invisibility of these workers, which means they are subjected to these precarious situations.
Although it is noteworthy that there is a marked difference between the provinces of Neuquen and Black River to the concern of every government to control those conditions of habitability. Black River Province is conducting regular inspections, looking to improve housing conditions and reduce work in the black.
It has been established through various testimonies and field, which in some cases, migrant workers are housed in makeshift housing adapted to containers.
The union that gathers, Argentina Union of Rural Workers and Stevedores (UATRE) estimates that 20% of workers are paid in black. In other cases, half the wages paid white and half black. There are also forms of payment called "non-wage" which consist of payment tickets.
In many cases, companies put their bins limits to limit their salaries.
Within the division of labor in agriculture, the harvest workers is found in more precarious conditions. However, increasingly they are required better preparation and training for the job, which does not translate into increased wages.
Contact GESA FADECS
Buenos Aires 1400
(8300) Neuquén City
Tel: 0299-4490300 Int 272
Director: Dr. Monica Bendini
gera@uncoma.edu.ar
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