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oil economies: the case Neuquén Yeasts and their integration

Neuquén province is developing with the characteristics of an oil economy. In the world, countries and regions that depend on this nonrenewable resource are applying different models of development. At one end can be located in Norway, oil country par excellence that has brought together top economists and financiers to income received are not wasted. In the other, Nigeria, a country that carries the same messy history of many African Nations.
Neuquén For more than half the $ 3,700 million pesos in the budget this year comes mainly from oil royalties. However, the province can not be overcome even with all this money, the problems of social inequality. Bilder Ernesto
Teachers and Adriana Giuliani, faculty researchers at the National University of Comahue, warn against entering a stage of decline of the oil economy and argue that Neuquén urgent convert this model, which is running out as the same hydrocarbon reserves .
analyze this problem and propose some alternatives for sustained development, based on a more equal income distribution.

What is an oil economy and the Neuquen?
is a special type of those who base their economic strategy on the exploitation of natural resources. It's basically rentist and much of its resources come from the "economic rent", or additional amount that is obtained from a source whose supply is limited by natural or artificial. In the case of oil income is abundant, since the difference between the international price and cost of removal is significant. The concept is generally used to reflect on oil-producing countries, but is perfectly applicable also to a province, although there are variables that control how the exchange rate and overall macroeconomic policy.

What distinguishes it from other development models being implemented in the world? We can cite
side to Norway, where oil for excellence that has brought together its top economists and financiers for the income received and not wasted the day when oil runs out, can remain a prosperous country. On the other side is Nigeria, which is a total mess, with a high level of corruption and drag it history of many African Nations. And in the middle are the Arab countries, which between themselves are not homogeneous and all have some particularity with respect to the polity.
Of these three models mentioned, the researchers chose to focus on the "neat Norway," to demystify the idea that when an economy dependent on oil, is inevitably vulnerable and suffer what some authors categorized as a "curse."

Where Neuquén economy would be located?
Leaving aside the cases of Norway and Nigeria that are extreme, in general these economies share certain characteristics with respect to resource management and administration of income they get. For example, a short-term implementation of economic and social policy, lack of transparency in expenditure and budgetary policy, with little interference by enforcement agencies, high transaction costs by the State; powerful interests linked to the fate of spending and the concessions made by the political power, poor development and low competitiveness of the private sectors are not linked to well-exportable, inequitable income distribution, with large pockets of poverty, patronage networks that consolidate the political power of government. We found these features in Neuquén.

The international price of crude has led in recent years an unprecedented surplus. But thinking about the fall of reservations mention what it could do with the surplus now?
The Constitution states that all the extra resources should be applied to something that works for the future. The barometer of this province's oil and in recent years, there was a huge coincidence favorable. The large devaluation, together with the rise in international oil prices, catapulted the resources of the province as never before.
However, the Neuquén government itself takes the depletion of hydrocarbon reserves in recognizing the need the restructuring of production through various projects that have been presented, especially in pre-election stage. The issue is that this argument justified the provincial debt in 2006 through the issuance of debentures by $ 250 million.

And you, what you think of this proposed conversion?
We realized the need for a serious project conversion, indicating a specific project to where it will target extra resources. This province is economically ill-conceived, which is mounted weak. The irrigation canal could propose to extend the agricultural frontier and is an option possible. But then you have to think of a democratic conception of land distribution. The projected racetracks or the ministry center hardly contribute to the conversion.
The presentation of programs that promise to change the productive matrix has been a constant in the various internal lines of the popular movement of Neuquén, in 45 years in office. But the reality is that never were implemented and currently more than half of economic activities depend on the extractive sector.

What are the proposals that you make a serious project to address the restructuring of production?
believe that the intervention the state is essential to enable sustainable development and to avoid unequal distribution of income. It is exploiting the natural resources available considering strategic assets for economic development in the country. In this sense, it is necessary to review in coordination with the National Energy Policy, in force since the early nineties, which allows multinational corporations to appropriate and send abroad the greater share of oil revenues. In parallel, design a project that includes some basic assumptions. Among others, we mention the following:
- Overcoming the dependency on external funding.
- Promote a productive profile to strengthen social justice in the sense of moving towards a more equitable income distribution.
- The state's administrative apparatus must be engaged and trained for the new strategy.
- Encourage activities that generate added value, and possibly exportables, ie, they can go outside the region.
- For support of this model of development or to operate any plan, it must promote a new system of dialogue and coexistence with the social partners.

Could also consider creating a fund to deal with counter-cyclical when reserves are exhausted hidrocarburíficas? Norway
countercyclical fund has a surplus consisting of oil obtained. This would be a viable and desirable alternative. And is entering a period of decline of the oil economy in Neuquén. It is a warning and therefore it is urgent to convert this model is low, as the same reservations of our "black gold."

Contact: Ernesto
Bilder: eabilder@uncoma.edu.ar
Adriana Giuliani: agiulian@uncoma.edu.ar
int.436
Tel 0299-440312

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With the yeast not only bread is made ...

wine also. But not all yeast is appropriate. We must find those with higher fitness, according to the product you want to achieve.
this is working in a research team of the Universidad Nacional del Comahue (UNCo), led by the teacher Adriana Caballero. The project's objective is to select the best yeast for the production of regional fine wine sensory characteristics, quality-controlled differential. This will give added value to the red wines of the Upper Black River Valley and Neuquén, and improve their ability to compete in the global market. Keep in mind that at present wineries in the region must import the yeast used for fermentation.
To learn more, talked with researchers Adriana Caballero (PhD in Biochemistry) and Marcela Sangorrin (PhD in biology).


What are yeasts?
The vinification process is to tread the grapes, ground or crushed into wine. This transformation is carried out by a living organism called yeast. If this organism is not present, the wort is not transformed into wine.
But in all yeast species, and within the species sacaromisie particular service (with which it is bread, beer and wine), you can select different individuals with better fitness and better able to make certain products. For example, the brewers keep their strains of yeast for beer production. So we're trying to do is select the entire population of yeast indigenous to the area, an individual who meets the best properties. To produce good quality wines and also with different features and properties in the region.

How does the yeast in the process?
The metabolism of the yeast turns the sugar in grape juice (the juice) in ethanol. This is one of the first products we want to have wine. Not only that, also contributes to the body and aroma of wine.
The problem is that not every microorganism used, because it can produce undesirable compounds. So we must select the proper yeast for this region, for certain varietals, and technological conditions of certain wineries. For example, if you want a floral wine, yeasts are more compounds contributing to aroma of flowers. Each gives you a special wine. What

yeast were selected in the region and how this selection of yeast?
We selected two types of yeast: the service and sacarosimietica sacaromisie, that has the ability to enhance the primary aroma.
What is done is to evaluate the different features. For example, to develop well when yeast enters the grape because it makes too much sugar. And from the substrate (the grape) has to develop at some time a large amount of ethanol without producing too much volatile acidity, or other odors. It is important to provide distinctive features like those that make heavier the wine.

"For what type of wine yeast would be obtained?
Especially for the production of young red wines. Because 85% of the production of red wine region and youth. The young wine is one that has no aging in wood or, if any, is short term. In a young wine, it is essential to fermentation aroma that comes from the metabolism of yeast. Because neutral varietal grapes such as those made here, if the merlot or pinot-producing yeast aroma is basically what gives the wine aroma (in other cases the smell also provides the juice and / or aging .) You can also select yeasts that are able to enhance the primary aroma of wine.

What is the process of analysis of yeast?
samples must be taken in various stages of fermentation, and the laboratory are separated all the yeast that are present. By having separate trials may be given a specific, identified to individuals. This can be done with the advent of techniques from molecular biology are also techniques that we use.

And what were the results of tests done with these two types of yeast?
We tested these strains at the industrial level, in the cellars of the region, and have had good results compared with commercial yeasts. The University
have to register yeast, development, and as it happens. We will continue investigating and searching for other alternatives and then a company can spend to produce it.

yeasts being used in the wineries of the region are they? What differences might have our wines with yeast from here? Producers purchase
yeasts that are not in this region but are tested in other wine regions and selected according to a catalog. But this takes away criminality and characteristics to the wines of the region.
Studies made in the various wine regions worldwide, according to which there would be a geographic structure in populations of yeast. That is, each region would yeast populations with specific characteristics that also would be better suited to grape must in each location. Therefore, it would be better able to compete. The important thing is that a yeast is made "famous" for certain properties.
The same goes for the production of vines, geography also affects. A varietal is not given in the same way in one region than another. For example, in the upper valley region is very good at the varietal Merlot. Which does not happen in Mendoza. Do

local businessmen could produce regional yeast?
wine market is quite complicated because there is oversupply. It should be noted in the quality of wines and industry must invest in technology. Within this technology can be an investment in agronomic level, a cellar-level investment, ie everything related to the equipment, and investing primarily in biotechnology, to handle the microorganisms that drive the process of winemaking.
is a low-cost technology compared to the rest, which improves the quality of wines in both large and small enterprises who can not afford to make capital investments in other aspects. The idea has always been our aim to develop a technology that allows the family businesses to earn a better place the quality of their wines according to an investment they can make. It is also a good strategy for the development of certain types of industrial activities in the region and allows small businesses compete against large companies.

What types of producers or winemakers may care about this project?
This development are interesting for everyone. Historically not given importance to the organisms that carry forward the process of making wine, but now with the advancement of knowledge recognizes the value of the process and the need to control.
then able to select these yeasts to control one aspect of the process, the microbiological Today is not controlled.

What is the next step in the selection of yeast?
The next step is to bring engineers and do necessary tests so that they can own tests with industrial production. We also want to test other characteristics of these strains, which may become necessary for which dry yeast and can stay viable.

The implementation of molecular biology techniques for identifying individuals, was also used to transfer the experience of the research group of health workers in public hospitals of the Province of Neuquén, hereinafter will use this methodology in the hospital.
also being created in the Universidad Nacional del Comahue, a pathogenic yeast bank in the region. And another result of the project, having preserved more than a thousand strains of yeasts of this region in the laboratory. That is a gene bank that is the heritage of all the inhabitants of this region and the country, with potential to be applied in other biotechnological developments.
is difficult to price the value of this gene bank because it means preserving our genetic heritage for future generations.

Contact:
Lab
Microbiology and Biotechnology Dept. Chemistry-Faculty of Engineering National University of Comahue

email: msangorr@uncoma.edu.ar

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